It's b/c you somehow didn't change the IP properly and now it can't
talk to itself by IP to do any authentication.
This will not effect the root user in the local domain. There's
something else going on here. Additionally the PWS plugin -always-
talks to itself over loopback after a significant timeout in order to
prevent just the issue you discuss. This has been the behavior since
10.3.
What other ways can I change the ip of a dead headless xserve? Can
I target
disk mode and change a file?
Use Single User Mode, not target disk mode.
Target disk mode would work fine.
It's a replica. I'd demote it, run changeip, reset the IP, then re-
create it (for future reference).